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Variation and Change of Hydro-Climatological Parameters in Iraq for the Period 1980-2019 |
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| รหัสดีโอไอ | |
| Creator | 1. Husam T. Majeed 2. Dalia A. Mahmood 3. Zahraa S. Mahdi |
| Title | Variation and Change of Hydro-Climatological Parameters in Iraq for the Period 1980-2019 |
| Publisher | Thai Society of Higher Education Institutes on Environment |
| Publication Year | 2565 |
| Journal Title | EnvironmentAsia |
| Journal Vol. | 15 |
| Journal No. | 3 |
| Page no. | 14-24 |
| Keyword | Precipitation, Evaporation, Potential evaporation, Water storage, Aridity Index, Iraq |
| URL Website | https://tshe.org/main/ea-journal-online |
| Website title | EnvironmentAsia Journal |
| ISSN | 1906-1714 |
| Abstract | Extensive analysis of hydro-climatological parameters is essential for the management and strategies of water resources particularly in arid and semi-arid regions like Iraq. The aim of this work is to analyze and study the change and variations of the hydro-climatological parameters in Iraq during the past 40 years (1981-2020). Monthly means of hydro-meteorological variables were obtained from Fifth generation ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate (ERA5). The data obtained included total precipitation (P), evaporation; including transpiration from vegetation (E), runoff; includes both surface and sub-surface (R), and potential evaporation (PE) for the period 1980-2019. Results showed considerable variations in the hydro-climatological parameters both in spatial and temporal scales. P and E were the maximum in the north and north eastern mountain areas and minimum in the western desert area. R only existed in the mountain areas. P in Iraq falls only during rainy season (October-May) and peaks during winter (December-February) while E and R occur during all month of the year and the peak amounts happen in May (for evaporation) and in April (for R) in the mountain area where melting snow is the major source of water. The spatiotemporal distribution of water storage indicated that all parts of Iraq in totally water deficit during the six months of April to September while the most significant water surplus occur in the three months of November-February. In Open water areas in Iraq, such as lakes and dam basins, E takes place all year around and therefore they are always in water deficit. Calculation of Aridity Index (AI) from annual PE and P indicated that Iraq can be divided into three climatic zones; a semi-arid zone (AI ranged from 0.2 to > 0.5) in the mountain areas, an arid zone (AI~ 0.2) in the foothills and eastern border areas, and a hyper arid zone (AI< 0.05) covering entire southern half of Iraq. Applying Mann-Kendall test on long term annual P, PE, and AI at four cities representing north, center, west, and south of Iraq showed that a negative trend in P and AI and positive trend in PE were observed but the trend of PE was the only one that was statistically significant. |
