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Fabrication of micro/nano-crystalline cellulose particles containing lavender oil via Pickering emulsion |
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| รหัสดีโอไอ | |
| Title | Fabrication of micro/nano-crystalline cellulose particles containing lavender oil via Pickering emulsion |
| Creator | Gone Yi Thaw Maung |
| Contributor | Pakorn Opaprakasit, Advisor |
| Publisher | Thammasat University |
| Publication Year | 2568 |
| Keyword | Microcrystalline cellulose, Nanocrystalline cellulose, Lavender essential oil, TEMPO selective oxidation, Pickering emulsion, Cosmetics |
| Abstract | This research focuses on developing lavender oil (LO)-loaded micro- and nanocrystalline cellulose (MCC and NCC) capsules using the Pickering emulsion method for potential applications in cosmetic formulations. The study is divided into two main parts. In Part I, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was oxidized using the TEMPO–ozone method to enhance its hydrophilicity and surface charge. The oxidized MCC was used to encapsulate LO in ethanol-water mixtures (the ratios range from 0:100 to 100:0), maintaining a constant oil-to-particle ratio of 1:2. Among all formulations, LO@MCC 5 (60:40) achieved the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of 78.48 ± 0.78% and loading capacity (LC%) of 28.18 ± 0.38%, with strong physical stability confirmed by a zeta potential of −35.47 mV and a hydrodynamic size of 83.2 µm. LO@MCC 4 (50:50) also showed promising results with EE% of 76.51 ± 0.38% and LC% of 27.65 ± 0.13%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed spherical, oil-entrapped particles. The antioxidant activity of LO@MCC was retained post-encapsulation (31.29%), and release profiles showed sustained oil release for up to 26 hours. Antibacterial testing confirmed strong activity against E. coli and S. aureus, with MIC values ranging from 0.2–0.05 g/mL. Part II nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was synthesized from MCC via sulfuric acid hydrolysis and used for encapsulation. The resulting rod-shaped NCC particles (10– 20 nm wide) enabled improved encapsulation performance. LO@NCC 4 (50:50) exhibited the highest EE% of 88.34 ± 0.99% and LC% of 30.40 ± 0.22%, followed closely by LO@NCC 5 (60:40) with EE% of 87.68 ± 0.98%. The release profile of LO@NCC showed a biphasic pattern with complete release (>93%) within 36 hours. The antioxidant activity of LO@NCC (33.37%) remained comparable to free LO's. Furthermore, antibacterial assays demonstrated MIC values of 0.1 g/mL against E. coli and 0.05 g/mL against S. aureus, confirming enhanced biological activity. The results confirmed that both oxidized MCC and NCC are effective stabilizers for Pickering emulsions. NCC-based formulations offer superior encapsulation and release properties, making them suitable candidates for bio-based cosmetic product development. |
