Development of the Thai Workplace Spirituality Scale (TWSS)
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Abstract
This study developed and evaluated the Thai Workplace Spirituality Scale (TWSS) to provide a culturally grounded measure for Thai employees and to examine its psychometric properties, with emphasis on construct validity. Instrument development proceeded in three subsequent phases: (1) conceptualization and item generation to establish substantive validity; (2) assessment of structural validity; and (3) evaluation of external validity. Two independent samples of employees from diverse Thai organizations participated (Sample 1: n = 794; Sample 2: n = 374). Data was mainly analyzed using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). Results supported a 25-item, three-factor structure comprising Self-Connection (8 items), Connecting with Others (7 items), and Meaningful Work (10 items). This study contributes a conceptually grounded framework for workplace spirituality among Thai employees and provides a psychometrically supported instrument for use in future research and organizational applications.
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